Equal Futures

Does the constitution specifically allow for affirmative measures based on race and/or ethnicity?

Explicit guarantees of equality or non-discrimination across race/ethnicity include prohibitions of discrimination against any particular racial/ethnic group, and guarantees of equal rights, guarantees of equality before the law, and guarantees of overall equality for different racial or ethnic groups in a country.

No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality means that the constitution does not explicitly mention the right to equality or non-discrimination based on race and/or ethnicity, nor does the constitution provide for affirmative measures. This does not mean that the constitution denies this right, but that it does not explicitly include it.

Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures means that the constitution explicitly guarantees racial and/or ethnic equality or non-discrimination. However, the constitution does not pair protection(s) with an explicit provisions for affirmative measures.

Affirmative measures means that the constitution explicitly allows that a measure or measures may be taken to compensate for past discrimination or current inequalities on the basis of race and/or ethnicity. Positive action can be framed in guaranteed terms (e.g., “the State shall adopt measures of affirmative action in pay for racial minorities”) or in terms that leave open the possibility for positive action (e.g., “Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from taking measures to promote ethnic equality in pay, in order to address past discrimination”).

Countries

Argentina - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Australia - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Bahrain - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Belgium - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Brunei - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Chile - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Costa Rica - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Denmark - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

El Salvador - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Finland - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Greece - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Greenland - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Guatemala - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Guinea - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Haiti - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Indonesia - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Ireland - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Democratic People's Republic of Korea - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Republic of Korea - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Kuwait - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Latvia - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Lebanon - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Libya - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Liechtenstein - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Luxembourg - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Madagascar - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Monaco - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Montenegro - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Nauru - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Norway - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Pakistan - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Paraguay - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

The Philippines - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Poland - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Qatar - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Samoa - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

San Marino - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Saudi Arabia - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Seychelles - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Syria - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Tonga - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Tunisia - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

United Arab Emirates - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

United States of America - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Uruguay - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Vietnam - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Yemen - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of racial/ethnic equality

Afghanistan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Algeria - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Andorra - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Angola - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Armenia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Austria - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bangladesh - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Belarus - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Benin - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bhutan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bolivia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Brazil - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bulgaria - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Burkina Faso - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Burundi - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cambodia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cameroon - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cabo Verde - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Chad - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

China - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Colombia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Comoros - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Democratic Republic of the Congo - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Republic of the Congo - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cote d'Ivoire - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Croatia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cuba - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cyprus - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Czech Republic - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Djibouti - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Dominican Republic - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Ecuador - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Egypt - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Equatorial Guinea - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Eritrea - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Estonia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Ethiopia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

France - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Gabon - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

The Gambia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Georgia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Germany - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Ghana - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Guinea-Bissau - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Honduras - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Hungary - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Iceland - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Iran - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Iraq - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Israel - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Italy - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Jamaica - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Japan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Jordan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Kazakhstan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Kenya - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Kyrgyzstan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Laos - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Liberia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Lithuania - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

North Macedonia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Malawi - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Maldives - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mali - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Marshall Islands - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mauritania - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mauritius - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Micronesia, Federated States of - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Moldova - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mongolia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Morocco - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mozambique - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Myanmar - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

The Netherlands - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Nicaragua - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Niger - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Nigeria - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Oman - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Palau - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Panama - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Papua New Guinea - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Peru - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Portugal - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Romania - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Russian Federation - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Rwanda - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Sao Tome and Principe - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Senegal - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Serbia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Slovakia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Slovenia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Solomon Islands - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Somalia - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

South Sudan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Spain - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Sri Lanka - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Sudan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Suriname - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Eswatini - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Sweden - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Switzerland - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Tajikistan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Timor-Leste - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Togo - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Trinidad and Tobago - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Türkiye - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Turkmenistan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Tuvalu - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Uganda - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Ukraine - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Uzbekistan - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Vanuatu - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Venezuela - Racial/ethnic equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Albania - Affirmative measures

Antigua and Barbuda - Affirmative measures

Azerbaijan - Affirmative measures

Bahamas - Affirmative measures

Barbados - Affirmative measures

Belize - Affirmative measures

Botswana - Affirmative measures

Canada - Affirmative measures

Central African Republic - Affirmative measures

Dominica - Affirmative measures

Fiji - Affirmative measures

Grenada - Affirmative measures

Guyana - Affirmative measures

India - Affirmative measures

Kiribati - Affirmative measures

Lesotho - Affirmative measures

Malaysia - Affirmative measures

Malta - Affirmative measures

Mexico - Affirmative measures

Namibia - Affirmative measures

Nepal - Affirmative measures

New Zealand - Affirmative measures

Sierra Leone - Affirmative measures

Singapore - Affirmative measures

South Africa - Affirmative measures

St. Kitts and Nevis - Affirmative measures

St. Lucia - Affirmative measures

St. Vincent and the Grenadines - Affirmative measures

Tanzania - Affirmative measures

Thailand - Affirmative measures

United Kingdom - Affirmative measures

Zambia - Affirmative measures

Zimbabwe - Affirmative measures