Equal Futures

Does the constitution specifically allow for affirmative measures based on sex and/or gender?

Explicit guarantees of equality or non-discrimination across sex and/or gender include prohibitions of discrimination against women, and guarantees of equal rights, guarantees of equality before the law, and guarantees of overall equality for men and women.

No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality means that the constitution does not explicitly mention the right to equality or non-discrimination for all men and women, nor does the constitution provide for affirmative measures. This does not mean that the constitution denies this right, but that it does not explicitly include it.

Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures means that the constitution explicitly guarantees gender equality or non-discrimination. However, the constitution does not pair protection(s) with an explicit provisions for affirmative measures.

Affirmative measures means that the constitution explicitly allows that a measure or measures may be taken to compensate for past discrimination or current inequalities on the basis of gender. Positive action can be framed in guaranteed terms (e.g., “the State shall adopt measures of affirmative action in pay for women”) or in terms that leave open the possibility for positive action (e.g., “Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from taking measures to promote gender equality in pay, in order to address past discrimination against women”).

Countries

Australia - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Bahamas - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Barbados - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Belarus - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Brunei - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Costa Rica - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Denmark - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

El Salvador - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Greenland - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Guinea - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Haiti - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Indonesia - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Ireland - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Kiribati - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Latvia - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Lebanon - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Monaco - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Nauru - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Norway - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Saudi Arabia - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Seychelles - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Singapore - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Tonga - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

United Arab Emirates - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

United States of America - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Uruguay - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Yemen - No specific affirmative measures or guarantee of gender equality

Afghanistan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Algeria - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Andorra - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Angola - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Armenia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bahrain - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Belgium - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Benin - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bhutan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bolivia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Brazil - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Bulgaria - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Burkina Faso - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Burundi - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cambodia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cameroon - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Central African Republic - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Chad - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Chile - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

China - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Colombia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Comoros - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Republic of the Congo - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cote d'Ivoire - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Croatia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cuba - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Cyprus - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Czech Republic - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Djibouti - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Egypt - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Equatorial Guinea - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Eritrea - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Estonia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

France - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Gabon - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

The Gambia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Ghana - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Guatemala - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Guinea-Bissau - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Honduras - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Iceland - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Iran - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Iraq - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Israel - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Italy - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Jamaica - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Japan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Jordan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Kazakhstan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Kenya - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Republic of Korea - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Kuwait - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Kyrgyzstan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Laos - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Liberia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Libya - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Liechtenstein - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Lithuania - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

North Macedonia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Madagascar - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Malaysia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Maldives - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mali - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Marshall Islands - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mauritania - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mauritius - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mexico - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Micronesia, Federated States of - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Moldova - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mongolia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Mozambique - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Myanmar - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

The Netherlands - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Nicaragua - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Nigeria - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Oman - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Palau - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Panama - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Peru - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

The Philippines - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Poland - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Portugal - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Qatar - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Romania - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Russian Federation - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Rwanda - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

San Marino - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Sao Tome and Principe - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Senegal - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Slovakia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Slovenia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Solomon Islands - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Somalia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

South Sudan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Spain - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Suriname - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Eswatini - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Switzerland - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Syria - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Tajikistan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Timor-Leste - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Togo - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Trinidad and Tobago - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Tunisia - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Turkmenistan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Tuvalu - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Ukraine - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Uzbekistan - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Venezuela - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Vietnam - Gender equality guaranteed, but not affirmative measures

Albania - Affirmative measures

Antigua and Barbuda - Affirmative measures

Argentina - Affirmative measures

Austria - Affirmative measures

Azerbaijan - Affirmative measures

Bangladesh - Affirmative measures

Belize - Affirmative measures

Botswana - Affirmative measures

Canada - Affirmative measures

Cabo Verde - Affirmative measures

Democratic Republic of the Congo - Affirmative measures

Dominica - Affirmative measures

Dominican Republic - Affirmative measures

Ecuador - Affirmative measures

Ethiopia - Affirmative measures

Fiji - Affirmative measures

Finland - Affirmative measures

Georgia - Affirmative measures

Germany - Affirmative measures

Greece - Affirmative measures

Grenada - Affirmative measures

Guyana - Affirmative measures

Hungary - Affirmative measures

India - Affirmative measures

Lesotho - Affirmative measures

Luxembourg - Affirmative measures

Malawi - Affirmative measures

Malta - Affirmative measures

Montenegro - Affirmative measures

Morocco - Affirmative measures

Namibia - Affirmative measures

Nepal - Affirmative measures

New Zealand - Affirmative measures

Niger - Affirmative measures

Pakistan - Affirmative measures

Papua New Guinea - Affirmative measures

Paraguay - Affirmative measures

Samoa - Affirmative measures

Serbia - Affirmative measures

Sierra Leone - Affirmative measures

South Africa - Affirmative measures

Sri Lanka - Affirmative measures

St. Kitts and Nevis - Affirmative measures

St. Lucia - Affirmative measures

St. Vincent and the Grenadines - Affirmative measures

Sudan - Affirmative measures

Sweden - Affirmative measures

Tanzania - Affirmative measures

Thailand - Affirmative measures

Türkiye - Affirmative measures

Uganda - Affirmative measures

United Kingdom - Affirmative measures

Vanuatu - Affirmative measures

Zambia - Affirmative measures

Zimbabwe - Affirmative measures